牦牛绒过氧化氢/过硫酸铵脱色体系工艺优化及其机制

针对现有商业化牦牛绒脱色过程复杂、脱色时间长等问题,提出新型过氧化氢/过硫酸铵体系牦牛绒脱色工艺。在尽可能提高纤维白度的前提下尽量减少纤维损伤,通过单因素试验确定了脱色时间、过硫酸铵用量和试剂pH值,对脱色工艺进行探讨并与商业化脱色牦牛绒进行比较。结果表明:采用过硫酸铵质量浓度为400 g/L,试剂pH值为9,在室温下脱色为180 min可达到商业脱色牦牛绒的效果,脱色时间节省至原来的1/8;脱色机制分析发现,脱色过程中硫酸根自由基起主要作用,羟基自由基起次要作用。该脱色工艺简单,为牦牛绒高值化利用提供了新的解决方案。     

Inactivation efficacy of plasma-activated water: influence of plasma treatment time,exposure time and bacterial species

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of plasma treatment time, bacterial exposure time to PAW and bacterial species on the inactivation efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW), with additional investigation of the inactivation mechanisms of PAW. Six bacterial species, including Listeria innocua, Staphyloccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shewanella putrefaciens and Aeromonas hydrophila were selected as the representative bacteria. The initial bacterial concentration was around 7 log CFU ml⁻¹ after mixing with PAW, and the inactivation efficacy was measured after different exposure times during the 4 °C storage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the bacteria after PAW treatment were carried out to inspect the cell structure damage, and physicochemical properties of PAW, including pH, conductivity and long-living reactive species of H₂O₂, , and , were examined. The results showed that the inactivation efficacy of PAW was positively correlated with plasma treatment time and bacterial exposure time, and for the species examined in this study, the Gram-negative species were more sensitive to PAW than the Gram-positive species. Cell structure damage, including shrinkage, distortion, or holes, was observed after PAW treatment. The pH of PAW was acidified to 2.5–2.9, and conductivity was significantly increased to 518.0 μs cm⁻¹. and H₂O₂ were reduced during the 48 h storage, while an increased concentration was observed for . This study demonstrated that the processing parameters of plasma treatment time, exposure time and characteristics of bacteria can significantly affect the inactivation efficacy of PAW.     

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde inhibits the growth of Aspergillus flavus via damaging cell wall,cell membrane,manipulating respiration thus creating a promising antifungal effect on corn kernels

This study investigated the antifungal activity and the potential antifungal mechanisms of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HMB in preventing spore germination was 70 μg mL⁻¹. HMB at MIC disrupted cell wall integrity by reducing the number of septa by 86.66% (P < 0.05) in mycelia and increased cell membrane permeability by about 14-fold (P < 0.05) evidenced by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Furthermore, HMB at MIC inhibited respiration by 33.33%. These results revealed that the antifungal activity of HMB against A. flavus could be attributed to the damaged cell wall integrity, cell membrane permeability and respiration metabolism. What’s more, A. flavus was completely restrained in corn kernels due to HMB. Therefore, HMB could be applied as an effective antifungal agent.     

Formation mechanism of porous reaction-bonded silicon nitride with interconnected pores in the presence of MgO

In porous reaction bonded silicon nitride, whiskers normally grow in globular clusters as the dominant morphology and deteriorate the pore interconnectivity. However, the ceramic microstructure was significantly transformed with the addition of MgO; specifically, the morphology was modified to a combination of matte and hexagonal grains. Microstructural observation along with thermodynamic studies suggest that MgO interfered with the presence and nitridation of SiO_(g). Consequently, rather than being involved in the whiskers’ formation, surface silica instead reacted with volatile MgO to form intermediate products. Through these reactions, whisker formation was blocked, and a porous interconnected structure formed which was confirmed by 3D tomography. After heat-treatment at 1700 °C, β-Si₃N₄ crystallized in a glassy matrix containing magnesium. Resulting samples had an open-pore structure with porosity of 74–84 vol. %, and density of 0.48-0.75 g.cm^?3. Combination of high porosity and pore size of <40 μm led to compressive strengths of 1.1–1.6 MPa.     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组丘滩体发育分布及对储层的控制

四川盆地震旦系灯影组储层主要发育于微生物丘滩体中，但不同成因类型丘滩体对储层的影响尚不明确。通过钻井岩心和野外露头观测、岩石薄片分析和物性测试等手段，将丘滩体划分为丘基、丘核、丘翼和丘坪4种微相，并根据微相的组合划分出台缘并进型丘滩体、台缘追补型丘滩体和台内饥饿型丘滩体3种丘滩体类型。台缘并进型丘滩体的生长速率快，与可容空间的增加速率相同步，其微相组合以"丘基+丘核"垂向加积为主，在海平面升降过程中易暴露于大气淡水环境，造成海水胶结作用弱、淡水溶蚀作用强，形成以格架溶蚀孔洞为主的储集空间，储层物性好，储集性能最优。台缘追补型丘滩体的生长速率次之，其早期的生长速率滞后于可容空间增长速率但后期逐渐同步，呈现出"丘基+丘核+丘翼/丘坪"侧向加积的微相组合；由于暴露于大气淡水环境的几率减小，其海水胶结作用强，淡水溶蚀作用减弱，储集性能稍差。台内饥饿型丘滩体的生长速率最慢，严重滞后于可容空间的增长速率，呈"云坪（丘基）+丘核+丘坪"微相组合，难以暴露于大气淡水环境，淡水溶蚀作用最弱，储集性能也最差。台缘带古地貌对丘滩体的生长速率影响较大，可控制丘滩体的沉积样式。陡坡台缘带有利于台缘并进型丘滩体发育，缓坡台缘带主要发育台缘追补型丘滩体，台内高地中发育台内饥饿型丘滩体。胡家坝-阆中-安岳地区一带的震旦系灯影组四段发育于典型的陡坡台缘带，是储层发育的最有利相带。     

多相流管输体系中水合物沉积机理研究进展

国内外对多相流管输体系中水合物沉积的研究虽然很多，但水合物沉积机理仍有待进一步研究。本文根据水合物沉积实验开展条件的不同，将多相流管输体系分为气体主导体系、油基体系、部分分散体系、水主导体系，总结了各体系的水合物沉积的主要机理，并提出了未来的发展方向。管输体系中水合物沉积机理包括水润湿沉积表面、水合物颗粒聚并、水合物的管壁膜生长、水合物颗粒的管壁粘附和水合物的颗粒着床沉积等。大多数学者认为：水合物的管壁膜生长是气体主导体系水合物沉积的主要机理；油基体系水合物沉积的主要机理是水合物颗粒的着床沉积；而部分分散体系和水主导体系的水合物沉积机理尚无统一定论，需进一步研究。多相流管输体系中水合物沉积研究未来的发展方向如下。①搭建全透明的流动环路，观测水合物在管路内实际的形成过程及沉积过程，对水合物沉积机理进行深入研究。②量化研究油水分层、油包水(或水包油)乳状液、自由水层对水合物沉积、堵塞的影响。③对于气体主导体系，除环状流和分层流外，有必要对段塞流、气泡流等其他常见的流型下沉积机理进行研究，重点在于开发一个综合模型来描述水合物沉积过程。④对于水主导体系，水合物形成过程出现的油水破乳的具体机理应是未来水合物沉积过程进行定量研究的方向。⑤国内外对垂直管、弯管及管阀件处水合物沉积堵塞理论研究较少，未来应着重这方面。     

Sintering mechanism of high-intensity and low-density ceramic proppants prepared by recycling of waste ceramic sands

Waste ceramic sands were effectively used to prepare the high-intensity and low-density ceramic proppants, realising the recycling of the waste ceramic sands. The technology involved the pelletising in an intensive mixer, in which the waste ceramic sands and other starting materials were added, and followed by heat-treatment under different sintering conditions. The sintering temperature, holding time and heating rate were optimised by investigating the crystalline phase, microstructure, density and breakage ratio of the obtained proppants. The results showed that the proppants sintered at 1260°C for 2?h with a heating rate of 5°C?min^–1 under air atmosphere exhibited high crush resistance and low density, with the breakage ratio of 8.5% under 52?MPa closure pressure and bulk density of 1.65?g?cm^–3. The proppants prepared by bauxite, waste ceramic sands and sintering aids are promising candidates as high-intensity and low-density fracturing proppants in future applications.     

基于门控联合池化自编码器的通用性文本表征

为了学习文本的语义表征,以往的研究者主要依赖于复杂的循环神经网络(recurrent neural networks, RNNs)和监督式学习方法。该文提出了一种门控联合池化自编码器(gated mean-max AAE)用于学习中英文的文本语义表征。该文的自编码器完全通过多头自注意力机制(multi-head self-attention mechanism)来构建编码器和解码器网络。在编码阶段,提出了均值—最大化(mean-max)联合表征策略,即同时运用平均池化(mean pooling)和最大池化(max pooling)操作来捕获输入文本中多样性的语义信息。为促使联合池化表征可以全面地指导重构过程,解码器采用门控操作进行动态关注。通过在大规模中英文未标注语料上训练模型,获得了高质量的句子编码器。在重构文本段落的实验中,该文模型在实验效果和计算效率上均超越了传统的RNNs模型。将公开训练好的文本编码器,使其可以方便地运用于后续的研究。